高中一年级英语必学四语法总结高中一年级英语必学4要紧词语拓展1 achievement n.收获，功绩→achieve v.达到，完成，达成2 welfare n 福利事业，福利3. project n.策略, 计划,, 设计，工程, 企业, 事业，科研项目; 课外自修项目 vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②设想自已处身于4. specialist n.专家，专业工作者→special adj.特殊的，专门的→specialize vi.专攻，专门从事5. connection n.连接，关系→connect v.连接6. condition n. 情况（不可数），条件（可数），环境（复数）on no condition 决不7.organization n.组织，机构，团体 organize—vt.组织;准备, 成立; 使加入工会，使有条理8.behave v.举止，表现→behavior n.行为，举止9. shade n.阴凉处 v.遮住光线10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. worth adj.值，值得 be worth doingworthy adj.值得做的，可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done11. observe v.察看，观测，遵守→observation n.察看，观测12. respect v./n.尊敬，尊重，敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的，正派的，体面地→respectful adj.有礼貌的，恭敬的13. argue .v.争论，辩论→argument n.争论，辩论 argued-adj 引起争论的14.entertainment-n 款待，娱乐 entertain-v 款待；招待，娱乐，抱有，怀着（想法、疑问）15. crowd n.人群，观众 v.挤满，使拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的16. inspire v.激励，激起→inspired adj.遭到激励的，有想法的→inspiring adj.激励人的→inspiration n.激励，想法17 support v.支持，拥护→supporter n.支持者，拥护者18.refer-vi 谈到，查阅，参考19.intend v.计划，计划→intention n.计划，目的，意图20.considerate adj.考虑周到的→consider v.考虑，觉得→consideration n考虑，体谅→considering prep考虑到21.kind adj 仁慈的，和善的，友爱的kindness –n 仁慈，好意，善良22.deliver v.递送，生（孩子），接生，发表（演讲等）→delivery n.投递，交货，分娩23.modest adj 谦虚的，谦让的，适度的重点短语梳理1 devotetosth.把奉献给devote oneself to致力于，捐躯于 be devoted to一心一意于2 human beings 人类3 move off 离开，启程，出发4 lead alife 过着的生活5 crowd in 涌上心头，涌入脑海6 look down on/ upon 蔑视，瞧不起7 refer to 查阅，参考，谈到 8 by chance 碰巧，凑巧9. come across 偶遇，碰见10. carry on 继续，坚持 carry out 实行，实行，完成11. be dressed in 穿着 dress as 打扮成12.fight for 为.而战 fight against 与战斗13.put to death判死刑14. concern oneself with关注 注意15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 计划做某事16. in the shade of 在的树荫下，在的庇护下17.gain doctor’s degree 获得博士学位18. be considered as 被看做.19.take turns to do sth 采取步骤做某事20.do research on 做方面的研究21.mean to do 计划做某事 mean doing 意味着22. by now 直到目前重点句型再现1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花去多年的时间察看和记录它们的平时活动。（spend+时间/资金+doing sth 花时间或资金去做某事）2 only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的妈妈头几个月来帮过她的忙；这才使她得以开始我们的计划。（only坐落于句首并修饰状语，句子要发生部分倒装，将助动词或联系动词置于主语之前） 3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 大家一行人将根据Jane研究猩猩的办法去森林里拜访他们。（-ing作方法状语。注意非谓语动词作状语时有什么区别：-ing主动/进行/延续，-ed被动/过去，to do主动/以后）4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看着她忙于所选择的和写作一样的到海外研究。（It seemed that+从句：好像是，看着仿佛是。 as well as 还有）5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients后来使她成功的是她对所有患者献出的爱心和体贴。（What made her succeed主语从句。知道what引导的名词性从句的译法，了解它们在句中的成分：作主语、宾语、表语、同位语）语法分析（主谓一致）主谓一致，指人称和数方面的一致关系。分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致。 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数。以下为需要注意的地方:1. 单数主语即便后面带有with , along with, together with, like, but ,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than, including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除去两个仆人外, 没一个人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,假如主语是同一个人,同一事,同一定义, 谓语动词用单数, 不然用复数。如:The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter, knife and fork等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式, 动名词, 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.大家什么时间出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每一个男生和每一个女生都爱去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没老师也没学生开会缺席. Each man andwoman is asked to help. 每一个男性和每一个女性都被请去帮忙。
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 大家每一个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 很多男孩都爱打篮球.More than one student was late. 不仅一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助大家。
7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时一直看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:None of us areperfect. 人无完人。None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词需要用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这类名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名字如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 与The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地址。 内容一致原则:1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 与”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天供应。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小孩子吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大多数的苹果都是烂的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大多数被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数目的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时,第3 / 7页谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 资金, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的定义时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5.一般作复数的集体名词. 包含police , people, cattle 等, 这类集体名词一般用作复数.如:The British police have only very limited powers. 一般作不可数名词的集体名词. 包含equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包含 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire. 就近原则1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, 谓语动词与挨近它的主语在数上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在什么地方呆呢？2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与挨近它的主语在数上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不了解这事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是一个饲养宠物的人。要紧词语拓展1 sunburn v.日晒，晒黑→sunburnt adj.晒黑的2 struggle v./n.挣扎，奋斗，努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with 3 decade n.十年，十年期4 super n.冗员, 额外职员; [口]特级品, 特大号产品; 超级市场adj特级的, 非常好的, 非凡的5. hunger n.饥饿，渴望/v.使饥饿→hungry adj.饥饿的；渴望的6.output n. 产量，输出，input 输入，消费7.disturbing adj 引起烦恼的，让人不安的，disturb v. 打扰，麻烦8.expand vt.扩大, 扩展,张开, 使发, 详谈; 引伸9. circulate v.循环，流通→circulation n.循环，流传第4 / 7页10. battle n.战役，战斗 v.搏斗，奋斗11. therefore adv.因此，所以12. rid vt 摆脱，除去13.freedom n 自由，自主→ free adj 自由的，不收费的14.equip v.配备，装备→equipment n.设施15. export v.输出，出口 n.输出（品）→import v.输入，进口 n.进口（品）16.nationality n 国籍，national adj 国家的，民族的 nation n. 国家17.occupation n 工作，职业，占领 occupy v.占用，使从事，把注意力集中于...占领, 占据18.confuse v.使迷惑，使为难→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.让人迷惑的 19 regret v./n.后悔，遗憾→regretful adj.后悔的，遗憾的20.production n.生产，制造，productive 可生产的，可制造的，produce –v 生产，制造21.discovery n. 发现，发觉，discover-v 发现，22.focus v. 集中，聚焦，n 焦点，中心点23. reduce v.降低，缩减→reduction n.降低，缩减24 comment n./v.评论，议论重点短语梳理1 if not 假如不. If so 假如如此，2.consider oneself sth 自觉得是 consider sb sth 觉得某人是3.since then 从那时起4.search for a way to do sth 探寻做某事的渠道。
5.thanks to 幸亏，因为，由于 （to为介词）6.ridof 摆脱，除去 get rid of 除去7. be satisfied with 对感到认可8 would rather do than do宁可，宁愿也不=would do rather than do9with the hope of 满怀期望..10.in some way 在某种程度上11.cause damage to 对 导致风险。
12.build up 增强，强大13. lead to 致使，导致14. focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于15. keepfrom/of 使免受（影响、伤害等）重点句型再现1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士种植的是被叫做“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。（what引导的名词性从句在句中作宾语）2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收成三分之一的产量。（makes it possible 中it为形式宾语，to do不定式短语为真的宾语）3. It’s a great pity that 非常遗憾的是.4.Using his hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.因为用了他的杂质水稻，农民的丰收是以前的两倍。第5 / 7页（-ing动词短语作缘由状语）语法分析（非谓语动词---动词的-ing形式作主语和宾语）1、动词-ing形式作主语● 动词-ing形式作主语常用来表示常常性和习惯性的动作。动词-ing形式作主语一般放在句首，谓语用单数形式。比如：Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.● 动词-ing形式作主语时，为了维持句子平衡，可以用it作形式主语。常见的结构：
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste ofetc. + v-ing 比如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.2、动词-ing形式作宾语● 动词-ing形式既可作动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语。
1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing形式作宾语：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。
2. 在下列短语中，to是介词，后面应用动词-ing形式作宾语：be / get used to, look forward to, devoteto, pay attention to, object to等。
3. 下列动词或短语既能够跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有不同：● like, love, prefer如表示常常性的行为后接动词-ing形式；如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式，但应该注意：假如like, love, prefer前有would，后面则接动词不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me?● 下列几组词接动词-ing形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同：forget doing 忘记已做过某事； forget to do 忘记要做某事remember doing 记得做过某事； remember to do 记住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味着； mean to do 计划做regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do 遗憾要做某事can’t help doing 禁不住做； can’t helpdo 不可以帮忙做。● 在allow, permit, advise等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，假如这类词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We don’t allow smoking in the classroom.We don’t allow students to smoke.● 动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这个时候动词-ing的主动形式表被动意义。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.3、动词-ing的复合结构动词-ing的复合结构即：物主代词或名词所有格 + 动词-ing。如：Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?4、动词-ing的时态、语态与否定形式动词-ing有一般式 和完成式两种时态，一般式的被动语态是being done，完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。比如：第6 / 7页I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.